Poverty in afghanistan - The 2018 drought, which affected 22 of Afghanistan’s 34 provinces, increased hunger, and food insecurity, caused large-scale population displacements and …

 
Poverty headcount ratio at national poverty lines (% of population) - Afghanistan World Bank, Poverty and Inequality Platform. Data are compiled from official government …. Vanguard sandp 500 dividend

30 Mar 2010 ... 30 March 2010 GENEVA / KABUL – Patronage, corruption, impunity and over-emphasis on short-term security issues rather than targeted ...Most Afghans live in poverty Before the coronavirus pandemic, at least 54.5 percent of the country lived below the poverty line with current estimates reaching up to 72 percent. 8.The UN's World Food Program (WFP) estimates that over half of Afghanistan's population lives below the poverty line, and food insecurity is on the rise, largely because of conflict and insecurity ...FILE - A poppy plantation is seen in Kandahar, April 3, 2022. The Taliban's supreme leader has ordered a ban on poppy cultivation in Afghanistan. A blanket ban on poppy cultivation by the Taliban ...It says that the already-declining regular economy, as opposed to the black market, lost nearly $5 billion after August 2021 and is reversing “in 12 months what had …Afghanistan poverty rate for was 0.00%, a 0% increase from . Afghanistan poverty rate for was 0.00%, a 0% increase from .Highlights state of urban and rural employment, food security, education, health. WASHINGTON, March 15, 2022 – The World Bank today released results of a household survey conducted in Afghanistan in the fall of 2021 to assess changes in basic living conditions in the early days of the interim Taliban administration.The survey was …MICS. Since its inception in 1995, the Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys, known as MICS, has become the largest source of statistically sound and internationally comparable data on women and children worldwide. In countries as diverse as Costa Rica, Mali and Qatar, trained fieldwork teams conduct face-to-face interviews with household members ...Source: World Bank (2023), Poverty and Inequality Platform (version 20230919_2017_01_02_PROD) [data set]. pip.worldbank.org. Accessed on 2023-11-25. Country Profiles. Cote d'Ivoire. share of the population living on less than $2.15 a day (international poverty line) VIEW MORE. Indonesia.Soaring poverty The UNDP chief likewise flagged the urgent need for action to prevent rocketing poverty and economic instability. “We reported late last year that an estimated 97 per cent of Afghans could be living in poverty by mid-2022, and regrettably, that number is being reached faster than anticipated,” he said.In Afghanistan, 49.4% of the population lived below the national poverty line in 2020. For every 1,000 babies born in Afghanistan in 2021, 56 die before their 5th birthday. In Afghanistan, 97.7% of the population have access to electricity in 2021.MICS. Since its inception in 1995, the Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys, known as MICS, has become the largest source of statistically sound and internationally comparable data on women and children worldwide. In countries as diverse as Costa Rica, Mali and Qatar, trained fieldwork teams conduct face-to-face interviews with household members ...Our results show that poverty in Afghanistan has remained roughly the same as that observed in the spring of 2020 before the regime changeOverall, . about 48.3 percent of the Afghan population poor as of was April-June 2023, representing a four-percentage point decline compared to poverty levels observed over the same months of 2020. Poverty …The authors address and identify the extent of poverty in Afghanistan over the years, the spatial patterns and regional imbalances of poverty in Afghanistan, the distinguishing characteristics of the poor in Afghanistan, and explore shocks faced by the poor in Afghanistan as well as subsequent coping strategies. Based on household level data ...10. 6. 2022 ...The analysis accounts for seasonality in welfare patterns and implements several tests to assess the model’s predictive capacity. The results show that 48.3 percent of the Afghan population was poor as of April–June 2023, a relative decline of 4 percentage points compared to poverty levels observed over the same months in 2020.The launch of the appeal on Wednesday comes as the International Rescue Committee (IRC) predicted that near universal poverty will take hold in Afghanistan next year, with 97% of the population at ...A year of Taliban rule in Afghanistan has led to a deterioration in the lives of women and girls, affecting all aspects of their human rights, three UN agencies reported on Monday. ... -related and natural disasters to exposure to global economic headwinds that leave some 25 million Afghan people in poverty and many hungry,” she said. ...Afghanistan Poverty Rate -2023. Poverty headcount ratio at $5.50 a day is the percentage of the population living on less than $5.50 a day at 2011 international prices. As a result …Aug 11, 2022 · Despite an unprecedented scale-up in assistance in Afghanistan over the past year, immense needs still exist and the future looks bleak, the UN humanitarian affairs office, OCHA, said on Thursday. Following the Taliban takeover last August, UN agencies and their partners remained in Afghanistan, providing aid to nearly 23 million people, or ... The Afghanistan Multidimensional Poverty Index 2016–2017 was implemented by the National Statistics and Information Authority (NSIA) of the Government of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan with technical assistance from the Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI) at the University of Oxford. This publication has been produced ... Kabul, November 11, 2020 – Today UNDP Afghanistan launched its latest COVID-19 Socioeconomic Impact Assessment Note on Afghanistan titled “ Fiscal Options in Response to Coronavirus Crisis”. The note is the fourth of a series of Country Notes that examine the likely effects of the coronavirus outbreak in Afghanistan with a focus on the ...Afghanistan could see near universal poverty by mid-2022, with 97% of Afghans impoverished, according to the United Nations. Unaddressed, this economic crisis will drive up humanitarian needs, from food insecurity and malnutrition to health crises.Afghanistan Refugee Crisis Explained. After more than four decades of conflict and instability in Afghanistan, an estimated 28.3 million Afghans - two-thirds of the population, including women and girls - are in need of humanitarian and protection assistance. More than 1.6 million Afghans have fled the country since 2021, bringing the …The just-released Afghanistan Living Conditions Survey (ALCS) paints a stark picture of the reality facing Afghanistan today. More than half the Afghan population lives below the national poverty line, indicating a sharp deterioration in welfare since 2011-12. The release of these new ALCS figures is timely and important . These figures are the ...Karabakh refugees in Armenia face uncertainty and poverty in exile. [1/3]Elada Sargsyan, 54, a refugee from Nagorno-Karbakh region, poses for a picture in …Afghanistan’s rapidly escalating humanitarian crisis exacerbates these abuses. Following the Taliban takeover, ... “I want her to know that at the height of poverty, I care about her birthday ...09 Oct 2023 ... Children and families in Afghanistan are facing a growing humanitarian crisis, the result of decades of conflict, chronic poverty, ...There are more thanfour million Internally Displaced People (IDPs) in Afghanistan. Let that sink in. Now, imagine a potentially deadly disease wreaking havoc in the IDP camps. As of August 17, there have been 37, 600 COVID-19 positive patients identified in Afghanistan with 1,375 deaths reported. Due to the paucity of testing, the …One of the most extreme effects of the pandemic is the impact of COVID-19 on poverty in Afghanistan. In 2020, the economy contracted by 1.9%, and poverty levels rose from 41.6% to 45.5%, with more than half of the population living under the poverty line. These higher levels correspond with a significant rise in food insecurity, as suppliers ...Sluggish growth, low human capital, labor market weaknesses, and exposure to shocks are holding Nigeria’s poverty reduction back says a new World Bank report “A Better Future for All Nigerians: Nigeria Poverty Assessment 2022”. The report represents the culmination of the World Bank’s engagement on poverty- and inequality-relevant …Aug 29, 2019 · The poverty maps we developed in Afghanistan are useful in understanding the geographic distribution of poverty in Kabul and Herat provinces and can help policymakers decide where to allocate scarce resources so they help people that need them most. The poverty maps can also be used to improve the targeting of social programs and shed light on ... The Poverty and Inequality Platform (PIP) helps data users find historical and current information related to key development indicators such as poverty, inequality, and shared prosperity. In addition, PIP can be used for following trends and monitoring progress towards development targets. The platform reports national, regional, and global ...09:21 PM (GMT) About 97 percent of Afghanistan’s population may sink below the poverty line unless the country’s political and economic crises are addressed, the United Nations has warned.Figure 1: Data sources for poverty measurement and methodology Source: CSO and World Bank. POVERTY LINES Poverty lines in Afghanistan are estimated at the regional-urban/rural strata level, and the national poverty line is the population weighted average of these regional-strata lines. The classification of provinces into the Afghanistan Living Conditions Survey (ALCS) 2016–17. The A-MPI is the first national report on multidimensional poverty in Afghanistan and contains data on both monetary and multidimensional poverty for children in Afghanistan, for the first time ever. A-MPI reflects the priorities presented inincreased levels of poverty and fear for retaliation affected families’ decision making to send back their children. In addition, due to the freezing of the funding for education, it is unclear whether the Country Office Annual Report 2021 Afghanistan - 0060 Page 1 of 9 Page 1 of 9ADB has helped Afghanistan build a stronger foundation for sustainable growth and poverty reduction and recover from the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. The information presented here reflects ADB’s past support to the country prior to the effectivity date of the holding period. Afghanistan was an ADB founding member in 1966. The authors address and identify the extent of poverty in Afghanistan over the years, the spatial patterns and regional imbalances of poverty in Afghanistan, the distinguishing characteristics of the poor in Afghanistan, and explore shocks faced by the poor in Afghanistan as well as subsequent coping strategies. Based on household level data ...Tue Dec 5 2023 - 05:00. A one-off experience of poverty, especially if experienced around age three-years-old, is enough to have an impact on a child’s development, according to …Dec 14, 2021 · Staff from the UN human rights office, OHCHR, remain on the ground in Afghanistan, where the economy is largely paralysed and poverty and hunger are rising. Ms. Al-Nashif said that as Afghans struggle to meet basic needs, they are being pushed to take desperate measures, including child labour and child marriage. 2024 population planning figures. Afghans who are refugees, in a refugee-like situation or seeking asylum : 6.4 million, 48% women and girls; 45% children* ; IDPs : 2.0 million**, 49% women and girls; 58% children* . Refugee and IDP returnees : 360,000 Pakistanis who are refugees or seeking asylum in Afghanistan: 42,000 *Demographics based on 2022 …31 March, 2019. Share. Today, 31 March, the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan launched its first Afghanistan Multidimensional Poverty Index (A-MPI), shows that just over half (51.7 percent ) of people in Afghanistan are multidimensionally poor. The level of multidimensional poverty ranges from a low of 12% in Kabul to a high of 81% in Baghdis.The United Nations Development Programme projects that by the middle of this year Afghanistan could face “universal poverty,” with ninety-seven per cent of Afghans living below the World Bank ...Every year on 17 October, the world marks the International Day for the Eradication of Poverty, also known as End Poverty Day. This year the day’s theme puts …Sep 18, 2019 · Below are 15 facts about poverty in Afghanistan to provide insight into the problems Afghanistan’s poorest citizens face every day. 15 Facts About Poverty in Afghanistan About 90% of Afghans Struggle to Live on Their Current Income: Over the past decade, poverty in Afghanistan has risen to record-breaking heights. 09 Sept 2021 ... UNDP says drought, COVID-19 pandemic and political upheaval could cause Afghanistan's poverty rate to reach 97 percent.Aug 19, 2021 · The last Soviet soldier leaves Afghanistan. The 1990s to 2001: Civil war followed by Taliban rule. 1992 . Following the withdrawal of Soviet forces and the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 ... This deliberate slew of measures of discrimination against Afghanistan’s women and girls is also a terrible act of self-sabotage for a country experiencing huge challenges, including from climate-related and natural disasters to exposure to global economic headwinds that leave some 25 million Afghan people in poverty and many …Sep 18, 2019 · Below are 15 facts about poverty in Afghanistan to provide insight into the problems Afghanistan’s poorest citizens face every day. 15 Facts About Poverty in Afghanistan About 90% of Afghans Struggle to Live on Their Current Income: Over the past decade, poverty in Afghanistan has risen to record-breaking heights. Our results show that poverty in Afghanistan has remained roughly the same as that observed in the spring of 2020 before the regime changeOverall, . about 48.3 percent of the Afghan population poor as of was April-June 2023, representing a four-percentage point decline compared to poverty levels observed over the same months of 2020. Poverty …MICS. Since its inception in 1995, the Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys, known as MICS, has become the largest source of statistically sound and internationally comparable data on women and children worldwide. In countries as diverse as Costa Rica, Mali and Qatar, trained fieldwork teams conduct face-to-face interviews with household members ...Poverty increased substantially from 36 percent in 2011-12 to 39 percent in 2013-14. As a result, 1.3 million more Afghans were unable to satisfy their basic needs. Unemployment reached 22.6 percent in 2013-14 as fewer jobs were created and existing ones from the pre-transition phase were destroyed, hitting mostly youth, rural populations, and ...proper allocation of foreign aid and will help Afghanistan in reducing poverty. 5.1 Policy Implications: The results of your study indicate that an increase in foreign remittances and foreign aidChallenges to child mental health in Afghanistan. Hageman et al. stated in one of their studies that Afghanistan has historically been one of the most hazardous places on the planet for children (Hageman and Alkureishi, 2021).The burden of poor mental health originates in Afghanistan because of widespread poverty, social inequity, and …Afghanistan, he says, already had the second-highest level of food insecurity in the world, high rates of poverty, and a health system "at breaking point" due …Mar 15, 2022 · People in Afghanistan are today facing a food insecurity and malnutrition crisis of “unparalleled proportions”, the UN Resident and Humanitarian Coordinator said on Tuesday. Ramiz Alakbarov, who also serves as Deputy Special Representative, issued a statement saying that acute hunger in the country rose from 14 million in July, to 23 ... Jan 5, 2019 · The effects of poverty can vary in degree and type viz. social, economic, and political. In this chapter consequences of poverty are explored on employment, literacy, malnutrition, and health of the people of Afghanistan. Workers from the poor households ill afford to be unemployed and undertake work in underemployed jobs. Afghanistan is facing a rapid increase in poverty and hardship due to the impacts of the coronavirus. World Bank analysis suggests that Afghanistan's poverty rate may increase from 55 percent in 2017 up to 72 percent in 2020 due to declining incomes and rising prices for food and other vital household goods.... Afghans which makes 51.7 percent of the overall population are faced with multidimensional poverty. The Afghanistan Multidimensional Poverty Index (A-MPI) ...proper allocation of foreign aid and will help Afghanistan in reducing poverty. 5.1 Policy Implications: The results of your study indicate that an increase in foreign remittances and foreign aidMay 9, 2022 · Nearly 20 million people in Afghanistan – almost half the population – are facing acute hunger, humanitarians warned in a UN-backed report, published on Monday. The latest Integrated Food Security Phase Classification (IPC) analysis for the country also revealed a pocket of “catastrophic” levels of food insecurity in the northeast ... 30. 12. 2021 ... Afghanistan is considered the worst place to be a child, as 4 million children are out of school and 2 million are working as child labourers, ...In 2020, almost half of Afghanistan’s population was so poor that they lacked necessities such as basic nutrition or clean water. “The extremely dire economic situation in Afghanistan is pushing more families deeper into poverty and forcing them to make desperate choices, such as putting children to work and marrying girls off at a …The analysis accounts for seasonality in welfare patterns and implements several tests to assess the model’s predictive capacity. The results show that 48.3 percent of the Afghan population was poor as of April–June 2023, a relative decline of 4 percentage points compared to poverty levels observed over the same months in 2020.In Afghanistan, where GDP per capita dropped from $516 in 2020 to $368 in 2021 and likely even lower now, and where 97 percent of the population is at risk of poverty, the cost of an internet data ...Therefore, poverty mapping, which aims at estimating poverty incidence at levels lower than the household survey, was applied in Kabul and Herat provinces. This technical report describes the methodology and data used to produce the Kabul and Herat poverty maps and presents the resulting collection of poverty maps, the first of its kind for Afghanistan.During August, 2021, provincial capitals in Afghanistan and Kabul fell into the hands of the Taliban. For many Afghans within Afghanistan and in diaspora communities, the psychological trauma is palpable as they relive painful, unforgotten memories of 1996 onwards and face uncertainty about the country's future. Afghans who …Afghanistan’s economic collapse was the result of a combination of factors and decisions by governments and international institutions, and on a larger level, by the US and the Taliban’s ...Afghanistan is a vulnerable country, and various challenges have led to widespread poverty. This study measured the different dimensions of poverty in rural and urban areas to help policymakers with poverty alleviation in the Kunduz province of Afghanistan. The data were collected from 360 rural and urban households. According …Facts About Poverty in Afghanistan > Poverty: poverty in Afghanistan stems from two factors: food insecurity and the lack of a social security net. > War: 55 to 75 percent of the Afghan population is living in poverty in the worst-hit regions > Illiteracy: only 43 percent of the entire adult Afghan population was literate based on 2018 statistics.The people of Afghanistan today face a profound humanitarian crisis that threatens the most basic of human rights. Economic life is largely paralysed with the collapse of the banking system and a severe liquidity crisis. With winter having arrived, women, men, boys and girls face severe poverty and hunger, and limited and …Daily Updates of the Latest Projects & Documents. In Afghanistan, after a severe contraction in the gross domestic product (GDP) of 20.7 percent in 2021, signs had …Rising poverty in Afghanistan The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) estimates that around 97 per cent of Afghans have plunged into poverty as of mid-2022, …Tue Dec 5 2023 - 05:00. A one-off experience of poverty, especially if experienced around age three-years-old, is enough to have an impact on a child’s development, according to …Period poverty in Afghanistan widens the gender gap, which is a result of extreme poverty and stigma. This can harm those who menstruate due to a lack of education, adequate facilities and clean water. Access to menstrual education and products to properly manage menstruation empowers Afghan girls and women. In turn, girls and …9. 9. 2021 ...One year after Kabul fell to the Taliban, Afghanistan is in chaos. Aug. 15, 202202:14. What little progress was made in the last two decades, in terms of democracy, personal freedoms and women’s ...Poverty in Afghanistan since the Taliban Takeover. FILE: Men reaching for bread. Following the Taliban takeover on August 15, 2021, billions of dollars in international aid were withdrawn, Afghanistan’s foreign currency reserves were frozen and the banking system collapsed. The subsequent economic crisis and the country’s worst drought in 30 …COVID-19 could help push Afghanistan’s poverty rate from about 54 percent to 72 percent, the World Bank projects, while 17 percent of households have taken on “catastrophic” levels of debt, according to the UN. Before the pandemic, female suicide attempts were almost always related to domestic violence, Barr said.Feb 27, 2021 · The Link Between Disability and Poverty in Afghanistan. The Asia Foundation studies suggest that 17% of Afghan citizens suffer from some form of disability and 8.9% have severe impairments and are dependent on others. Additionally, after decades of uninterrupted conflict, the Office for the Coordination of Human Affairs (OCHA) noted that ... Most Afghans live in poverty Before the coronavirus pandemic, at least 54.5 percent of the country lived below the poverty line with current estimates reaching up to 72 percent. 8.The analysis accounts for seasonality in welfare patterns and implements several tests to assess the model’s predictive capacity. The results show that 48.3 percent of the Afghan population was poor as of April–June 2023, a relative decline of 4 percentage points compared to poverty levels observed over the same months in 2020.Poverty increased substantially from 36 percent in 2011-12 to 39 percent in 2013-14. As a result, 1.3 million more Afghans were unable to satisfy their basic needs. Unemployment reached 22.6 percent in 2013-14 as fewer jobs were created and existing ones from the pre-transition phase were destroyed, hitting mostly youth, rural populations, and ...Our results show that poverty in Afghanistan has remained roughly the same as that observed in the spring of 2020 before the regime changeOverall, . about 48.3 percent of the Afghan population poor as of was April-June 2023, representing a four-percentage point decline compared to poverty levels observed over the same months of 2020. Poverty …Afghanistan Refugee Crisis Explained. After more than four decades of conflict and instability in Afghanistan, an estimated 28.3 million Afghans - two-thirds of the population, including women and girls - are in need of humanitarian and protection assistance. More than 1.6 million Afghans have fled the country since 2021, bringing the …Gini index. Multidimensional poverty headcount ratio, male (% of male population) Multidimensional poverty index, children (population ages 0-17) (scale 0-1) Poverty headcount ratio at $6.85 a day (2017 PPP) (% of population) Multidimensional poverty headcount ratio, household (% of total households) EXCEL. DataBank. Afghanistan poverty rate for was 0.00%, a 0% increase from . Afghanistan poverty rate for was 0.00%, a 0% increase from .01 Jan 2020 ... Made up of seven targets, SDG 1 endeavours to eradicate extreme poverty specifically, and a range of other definitions of poverty more broadly, ...

The study, “Afghanistan Socio-Economic Outlook 2023”, released today in Kabul by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), details how Afghanistan’s economic output collapsed by 20.7 .... Clover health insurance reviews

poverty in afghanistan

Our new report on Afghanistan’s economy demonstrates that without continuity for girls’ education and women’s ability to work, prospects for the country’s recovery will remain grim. The "Afghanistan Socio-Economic Outlook 2023” details how the country's economic output collapsed by 20.7% in 2021. This unparalleled shock has kept …Afghanistan Refugee Crisis Explained. After more than four decades of conflict and instability in Afghanistan, an estimated 28.3 million Afghans - two-thirds of the population, including women and girls - are in need of humanitarian and protection assistance. More than 1.6 million Afghans have fled the country since 2021, bringing the …The regions in Afghanistan where almost half of the inhabitants are poor are the East, Northeast, and West-Central regions. [2] According to the Afghan government's estimates, 42 percent of the Afghanistan's total population lives below the poverty line. Also, 20 percent of people living just above the poverty line are highly vulnerable to ... The International Rescue Committee (IRC) reports that 28.8 million people in Afghanistan are in urgent need of humanitarian aid, with 91% of household income spent on food. The economic collapse, droughts, floods, and restrictions on women and girls are driving the humanitarian emergency. The IRC provides health, education, and livelihood services to help Afghans survive and recover.Our new report on Afghanistan’s economy demonstrates that without continuity for girls’ education and women’s ability to work, prospects for the country’s recovery will remain grim. The "Afghanistan Socio-Economic Outlook 2023” details how the country's economic output collapsed by 20.7% in 2021. This unparalleled shock has kept …The last Soviet soldier leaves Afghanistan. The 1990s to 2001: Civil war followed by Taliban rule. 1992 . Following the withdrawal of Soviet forces and the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 ...19. 12. 2017 ... Without these skills, women are far less likely to access formal employment opportunities. Without security, safety, and literacy most Afghan ...MICS. Since its inception in 1995, the Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys, known as MICS, has become the largest source of statistically sound and internationally comparable data on women and children worldwide. In countries as diverse as Costa Rica, Mali and Qatar, trained fieldwork teams conduct face-to-face interviews with household members ...Afghanistan's economy has a substantial trade deficit despite a surge in the value of exports. Import of certain goods nearly doubled during 2022 and 2023, whereas …Poverty lines in Afghanistan are estimated at the regional-urban/rural strata level, and the national poverty line is the population weighted average of these ...around the country. As an Afghan-owned blueprint for the development of Afghanistan in all spheres of human endeavor, the ANDS will serve as our nation’s Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper. I am confident that the ANDS will help us in achieving the Afghanistan Compact benchmarks and Millennium Development Goals.This book uses econometric and statistical analyses to explore poverty in Afghanistan, using data from the National Risk Vulnerability Assessment. The authors explore the consequences of poverty on employment, literacy, malnutrition and health, and the mental health of citizens in Afghanistan.Afghanistan has one of the world’s smallest percentages of older people. Only 2.6% of the country’s population is 65 years or older and the average life expectancy stands at just 64.8 years old. Still, the crisis of elderly poverty in Afghanistan continues to deepen as a result of political instability and other lingering crises.“This deliberate slew of measures of discrimination against Afghanistan’s women and girls is also a terrible act of self-sabotage for a country experiencing huge challenges, including from climate-related and natural disasters to exposure to global economic headwinds that leave some 25 million Afghan people in poverty and many hungry ...In Afghanistan, where GDP per capita dropped from $516 in 2020 to $368 in 2021 and likely even lower now, and where 97 percent of the population is at risk of poverty, the cost of an internet data ...The 2018 drought, which affected 22 of Afghanistan’s 34 provinces, increased hunger, and food insecurity, caused large-scale population displacements and delayed and disrupted agricultural livelihoods . Hunger was widespread even before the drought. In 2016-17, 13 million Afghans did not meet their basic caloric requirements .Abuse of power is a key driver of poverty in Afghanistan. Vested interests frequently shape the public agenda, whether in relation to the law, policy, or the allocation of resources. This report argues that the Government is often unable to deliver basic services, such as security, food, or shelter. Widespread corruption further limits access ....

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