How big do ball pythons get - This will create a basking spot, which provides the warmest temperatures in the habitat. Ideally, the temperatures at the basking spot should be about 95 degrees Fahrenheit during the day. The opposite end of the habitat should provide somewhat cooler temperatures. Temperatures in the low- to mid-70s Fahrenheit are ideal.

 
The average adult male banana ball python will grow to be between 2 and 3 feet long. Meanwhile, the average adult female banana ball python will grow to be between 3 and 5 feet in length. Hatchling and Juveniles under 20 inches: 15-20 gallon tank. Juveniles and Adults under 3 feet long: 40 gallon tanks.. Liverpool vs lask

Jun 5, 2023 · Key Takeaways. Ball pythons are typically manageable in size, with females measuring between 4-5 feet and males ranging from 2-3 feet. Environmental factors such as temperature, humidity levels, and proper nutrition play a significant role in the growth and overall health of ball pythons. Female ball pythons generally grow larger than males due ... Ideal ambient daytime temperatures should be between 75 and 85 degrees Fahrenheit. On one side of the enclosure, you need to create a basking spot that’s around 90 degrees. Woma Pythons self-regulate their heat, so creating a temperature gradient in the closure will allow them to get comfortable by moving around.In total, there are 8 reasons why a ball python may try escaping its enclosure. These are: 1) exploring, 2) temperature, 3) humidity, 4) dirty enclosure, 5) lack of hides, and 6) temperament. 1. Exploring. The most common reason why a ball python is trying to escape is due to its urge to explore. Factors that may cause exploring are: 1) …General Size and Dimensions. Burmese pythons are known for their substantial size and robust build. Adult pythons are typically 12 to 19 feet long, with females being the largest.Their girth can be equally impressive, often measuring more than a foot in diameter.The solution is to make one end of their cage much warmer than the other. The basking area of the cage should be set at between 88 and 96’F (31-35’C). The cooler side of the enclosure should be set at 78–80’F (25.5 – 26.6’C). …Aug 17, 2023 · Key Takeaways. Ball pythons can grow up to six feet in length and weigh up to six pounds. Growth rates vary between genders, with females growing at a faster rate than males. Factors such as genetics, enclosure conditions, and diet influence the size of ball pythons. The growth rate of ball pythons slows down after the first four years of life. How big do ball pythons get? The ball python has average length of 3 to 5 feet, but they can reach a maximum size of 6 feet long. Are ball pythons poisonous? Ball pythons do not have the ability to produce venom. Instead, they kill their prey by constricting it into their coils and swallowing it whole.Nov 17, 2021 ... How Big Does a full-grown Ball Python Get? Find out its size in different stages of their life, growth rates, differences between males and ...How Big Can A Ball Python Grow. Captive ball pythons typically reach a length of 4 to 5 feet, although 6-ft wild specimens have been found. Hatchlings range from 10 to 17 inches (25.4 to 43.2 cm). Captive-raised ball pythons grow to more than 3 feet in length within 3 years.[14] How Big Can Ball Pythons Grow Up To? On average, male ball pythons will grow 8 inches and females will grow 12 to 16 inches every year until they are fully grown. Factors That Affect Ball Python Growth Your ball python’s maximum …How long do ball pythons get? These snakes are short and stocky typically reaching lengths of 3 to 4 feet although some can be as long as 6 feet. The females are bigger than the males. ... How big of a tank does a ball python need? While most snakes need large living space, the ball python doesn’t. With a vivarium of just 36 x 18 x 12 …Ball pythons can live up to 30 years in captivity with proper care. That's right, three decades! However, this isn't a given. It requires a dedicated effort on your part. From maintaining the right living conditions to regular health check-ups, a lot goes into ensuring your snake lives a long, happy life.The typical size of ball pythons ranges from 3 to 5 feet in length. Males are generally smaller than females, with female ball pythons often exceeding 5 feet. The size and weight of the snake can vary, and understanding this is essential for your ball python's care. Size weight is an essential aspect to monitor. Feb 3, 2024 · Ball pythons are known for their relatively modest size compared to some other snake species. On average, adult ball pythons can reach a length of 3 to 5 feet. However, it’s important to note that there can be variations in size depending on factors such as genetics, diet, and environmental conditions. Factors Affecting the Size of Ball ... How big do ball pythons get? Ball pythons are a mid-sized constrictor. Growing anywhere from 3-5 feet and reaching around 5-8 pounds, this is an animal that …Normally, we wait until our Ball pythons are feeding on medium or large adult mice. I need to feed my Ball python live, but I do not know where to find them?If you've got a few tennis balls laying around not earning their keep on the court, you can put them to work around your home. Check out some (more) novel uses for tennis balls. If...3. Burmese Python (Python bivittatus) These snakes are native to Southeast Asia, where they’re listed as Vulnerable. ©Heiko Kiera/Shutterstock.com. One of the largest pythons in the world, the Burmese python regularly grows to lengths of more than 11 feet. They’re heavy-bodied snakes, with some weighing over 100 pounds.Sep 3, 2021 ... Ball pythons are small, lanky snakes with thick bodies. The length of a fully developed ball python ranges from two to five feet.It is generally accepted that your Ball Python will need at least 2 feet of space lengthwise for every 3 feet that they are in size at a bare minimum. Generally, smaller snakes can do fine in a 20-gallon tank, while larger snakes should be introduced to a tank of at least 40 gallons in size.Jul 19, 2022 [8]Thanked 1 Time in 1 Post. Images: 13. Six feet is a BIG Ball Python. They are the exception. Most are between 4'-5'. My two adults that I have breeding are both right at 4'. The first year obviously yields the fastest growth, although they do …Feb 17, 2024 · How Big Do Ball Pythons Get? Males reach adulthood earlier than females, reaching their full size on or before their second birthday. Most males don’t grow past 3.5 feet and will weigh between 2 – 3 lbs. Females typically reach adulthood in three years, where they will be between 4 – 6 feet long and weigh 4 – 5 lbs. Normally, we wait until our Ball pythons are feeding on medium or large adult mice. I need to feed my Ball python live, but I do not know where to find them?Ball pythons are one of the most popular pet snakes in the world. They are known for being relatively easy to care for and having a calm, docile nature. ... In this article, we will explore how big ball pythons get in captivity, and what factors can influence their growth rate.In captivity, ball pythons typically grow to be between 3 and 5 feet ...How Big Is a Full-grown Ball Python? Generally reaching a length between 3 to 5 feet (0.9 to 1.5 meters), these ball pythons are known for their stout build and relatively modest dimensions compared to other python species. Genetic, environmental, and dietary factors affect ball python size in both the wild and captivity.A Ball Python will reach its full-grown size between two to three years old. Most pet Ball Pythons will grow at least three feet long. A male will typically top off at only 2.5 to 3.5 feet long, while a female can grow anywhere from 4 to 6 feet long. Both sexes are fully grown within three years.Sep 30, 2021 [2] Ball pythons have a fast reproduction rate, with their reproductive life reaching up to 30 years. Breeding occurs during the rainy season, which is from mid-September to mid-November [7]. Males reach …Burmese pythons ( Python bivittatus) are large constrictor snakes. They are known for their incredible size, but how big is a Burmese Python? On average, a Burmese python will grow to be between 15 and 19 feet long. Most captive animals tend to be around 12 feet thanks to selective breeding.30 months old. 1,120-1,800 grams. Adult (3 years old and over) 1,200-1,800 grams, up to 1,800-2,300 grams, can reach even 3 kg. Females will be larger. Smaller specimens might only weigh 800-1,000 grams. Please note, that there is no set ball python growth chart that will show you ideal ball python weights.Summary. It takes ball pythons 3-5 years to reach full growth, at which point they are typically 3-5 feet long. Females are generally larger than males. A ball python can take up to 10 years to reach full size. This is a long time, but the snake will be able to live for around 30 years. The size of a fully.How big do ball pythons get? The ball python has average length of 3 to 5 feet, but they can reach a maximum size of 6 feet long. Are ball pythons poisonous? Ball pythons do not have the ability to produce venom. Instead, they kill their prey by constricting it into their coils and swallowing it whole.1 How Big Do Ball Pythons Get? (Short Answer) 2 Typical Growth Patterns of Ball Pythons. 2.1 Growth rate from hatchling to adulthood; 2.2 Factors influencing their growth: genetics, diet, and environment; 3 Size Differences: Males vs. Females. 3.1 Sexual dimorphism in ball pythons; 3.2 Average sizes for both genders and the reasons behind …Substrate. Ball python care requires a lot of humidity. Typically speaking, a ball python’s humidity levels should be between 55-60%. The average home has about 30-40% humidity, so a good substrate can aid in raising the humidity to the correct levels. Opting for a substrate that holds moisture well will definitely help your cause.Advanced Search; Vote for BP.Net for the 2013 Forum of the Year!Their bodies are stocky and triangular in shape. They are a medium snake, but when compared to other Pythons, Ball Pythons are the smallest Python species in the world. Females typically grow anywhere between 4 to 5 feet in length, while males are smaller at 3 to 3.5 feet on average.Feb 4, 2024 ... Download this code from https://codegive.com Title: Understanding the Size of Male Ball Pythons: An Informative Tutorial Introduction: Ball ...How big does a banana ball python get? This is a common question asked by snake enthusiasts who are interested in owning this particular species. The answer to this question can vary from one python to another, as it depends on various factors such as sex, genetics, and diet. Banana ball pythons are known forPied Ball Pythons are specifically known for their large white patches amongst their brown spotted or striped skin. This recessive trait of un-pigmented skin makes them very unique amongst Pythons. ... How Big Do Pied Ball Pythons Get? Newborns are 10-14 inches in length. Females will grow faster, but males reach sexual maturity sooner. They ...Ball python hatchlings are approximately 10 inches in length. Adult female ball pythons average 3 to 5 feet long, and adult male ball pythons average 2 to 3 feet in size. This is a species in which mature females are typically much larger than the males. A 5-foot ball python is considered big, although lengths of 6 feet or more have been ...Jan 1, 2021 ... What to do When you Bring a New Snake Home! Snake Discovery•1.2M ... Butterflies Are Crustaceans, But it Gets Worse… Clint's Reptiles•340K ...General Size and Dimensions. Burmese pythons are known for their substantial size and robust build. Adult pythons are typically 12 to 19 feet long, with females being the largest.Their girth can be equally impressive, often measuring more than a foot in diameter.How Big Do Ball Pythons Get? Ball Pythons are one of the most popular snake breeds to own. Their compact size, stunning morphs, and docile demeanor make them an attractive breed for experts and beginners alike. Compared to other pythons, like the reticulated python, ball pythons are small. They average at 4 feet long.Apr 4, 2022 · UV Light – Although the ball python is a nocturnal species, it will benefit from eight to 12 hours of light per day. An infrared or nocturnal lamp is best at night. There is some debate about whether UV lights are necessary, but they are thought to improve the snake’s overall health and immune system. Feb 3, 2024 · Ball pythons are known for their relatively modest size compared to some other snake species. On average, adult ball pythons can reach a length of 3 to 5 feet. However, it’s important to note that there can be variations in size depending on factors such as genetics, diet, and environmental conditions. Factors Affecting the Size of Ball ... Ball Pythons often require several different enclosures throughout their lives to meet their needs as they grow in size, so it helps to know exactly what to expect in terms of their growth rates. Most Ball Pythons will reach a maximum of about 4 feet in length and 3-5 pounds in weight. Bạn đang xem: How Big Do Ball Pythons Get? Average ...On average, adult Ball Pythons measure 3 to 5 feet long and weigh between 2.5 and 5.5 pounds. This can vary depending on several factors, such as the sex, health, and genetics of the individual snake. Generally speaking, males tend to be smaller than females, with typical weights ranging from 2.5 to 4 pounds.Adult Angolan pythons can be between 3 and 6 feet long as adults. Most wild snakes will be smaller since they aren’t guaranteed regular meals. Males are typically smaller than females. Captive animals can be both longer and heavier than wild snakes. This is partly because of regular meals and a lack of activity.Feb 3, 2024 · Ball pythons are known for their relatively modest size compared to some other snake species. On average, adult ball pythons can reach a length of 3 to 5 feet. However, it’s important to note that there can be variations in size depending on factors such as genetics, diet, and environmental conditions. Factors Affecting the Size of Ball ... Healthy adult ball pythons for sale typically shed their skin every 4-6 weeks. However, younger animals may go through this process more frequently. While a healthy shed should come off in one piece, it is not unusual for it to occasionally break off. Especially around the eyes and nose. The entire process of shedding should take up to two weeks.How Big A Ball Python Can Get. Physical Description. Captive ball pythons typically reach a length of 4 to 5 feet, although 6-ft wild specimens have been found. Hatchlings range from 10 to 17 inches (25.4 to 43.2 cm). Captive-raised ball pythons grow to more than 3 feet in length within 3 years.[12]Python is one of the most popular programming languages in the world. It is known for its simplicity and readability, making it an excellent choice for beginners who are eager to l...Key Takeaways. Ball pythons average 2.5-5 feet in length when fully grown. Males reach 2.5-3.5 feet; females reach 4-5 feet. Growth is most rapid in the first 4 years. Males grow about 8 inches per year until age 3; females can grow nearly 1 …Adults should live in an enclosure that holds 60 gallons. Aim for dimensions around 48 inches long, 24 inches wide, and 12 inches tall. Expert Tip: As a good rule of thumb, the habitat should be just as long as the snake. Meanwhile, width and height can be a quarter of the snake’s measurements.As a general rule, adult female ball pythons are larger than males. A female ball python will measure between 3-5′ feet long, and weigh 4-7 pounds. Males range ...Some of the most common morphs are pastel, spider, mojave, pied ball, and pinstripe. How Big Do Ball Pythons Get? This snake is the smallest python species in Africa. Females will grow to an average length of 3-5 feet, and males only grow to a length of 2-3 feet. In this species, females are bigger than their male counterparts, with some ... September 24, 2021 by Stacey. The clown ball python has a lovely pattern with bright blotches, brilliant coloration, and a fantastic temperament. Clowns are a beautiful morph, with their broad dorsal stripe, odd head pattern, and light coloration. Caring for this morph is similar to caring for any other Python regius morph.Supersize snakes. Pythons are some of the largest snakes in the world. These big, non-venomous snakes can range from 23 inches to 33 feet in length, and they can weigh from 7 ounces to 250 pounds. Pythons live in a wide range of habitats, depending on the species, but many seek shelter in trees and can hold onto branches with their tails. Some of the most common morphs are pastel, spider, mojave, pied ball, and pinstripe. How Big Do Ball Pythons Get? This snake is the smallest python species in Africa. Females will grow to an average length of 3-5 feet, and males only grow to a length of 2-3 feet. In this species, females are bigger than their male counterparts, with some ... How big do ball pythons get? Ball pythons will grow quite a bit over the span of their lives. Baby ball pythons measure between 9 and 16 inches, but adult ball pythons will grow anywhere between 3 and 5 feet in length. And while there isn’t noticeable length difference at birth, a full grown female ball python will typically be larger than a ...Are you an intermediate programmer looking to enhance your skills in Python? Look no further. In today’s fast-paced world, staying ahead of the curve is crucial, and one way to do ...Aug 25, 2023 · Genetics. With proper care and maintenance of these factors, ball pythons can reach an adult size of 2-6 feet in length and weigh between 1-6 pounds. This article will explore the ball python’s growth rate, size, and what influencing factors contribute to this species’ development. Aug 5, 2023 · Humidity: Maintaining proper humidity levels is crucial for the health of your ball python. The humidity should be kept between 50-60% for most of the time, with a slight increase to 70% during shedding periods. To raise humidity levels, you can provide a large water dish or use a reptile fogger or mister. How to Spot a Reputable Breeder for these Ball Python Morphs. 1) A Health Guarantee. 2) The Snake’s History. 3) Visit the Facility. Researching a Pet Pied Ball Python. 1) Ask Around. 2) Choose a Reputable Breeder. 3) Visit the …Feb 10, 2021Size & Weight: How Big Do Ball Pythons Get? Ball pythons are typically regarded as small to medium-sized snakes. Most ball pythons reach total lengths of between 3 and 5 feet, although the …Naturally, what your ball python eats in the wild will be different from how they get food as pets, but the menus do overlap a bit. In the wild, a ball python will eat small animals like rodents, shrews, and birds. Domesticated ball pythons are handed meals on silver platters, while wild snakes really have to work for their meal. Let’s learn ...Oct 31, 2018 · #4: They’re Called Ball Pythons Because They Ball Up. The ball python gets its name from the fact that when they are scared or intimidated, these shy little snakes curl up into a cute little ball. Their name is another testament of their shy and docile natures. #5: The Most Expensive Ball Python Morph is $40,000 My 6 year old female ball python is 30+ inches, but some people at pet stores have no idea what they are talking about especially when it comes to the Reptile section of the store. My hatchling Bumble bee male is almost 2 months old and he is only 18-20 inches and 160 grams. But who knows maybe your hatchling just grows faster than …Adult Angolan pythons can be between 3 and 6 feet long as adults. Most wild snakes will be smaller since they aren’t guaranteed regular meals. Males are typically smaller than females. Captive animals can be both longer and heavier than wild snakes. This is partly because of regular meals and a lack of activity.The average size for Ball Pythons is 3-3.5ft (90-106cm) for males and 3.5-4.5ft (106-137cm) for females, with the occasional 5ft (152cm) female cropping up. Generally, this makes for adult males that weigh 1200-1800g and adult females that weigh 1800-3000g, though their weight can vary considerably over the course of a year.The solution is to make one end of their cage much warmer than the other. The basking area of the cage should be set at between 88 and 96’F (31-35’C). The cooler side of the enclosure should be set at 78–80’F (25.5 – 26.6’C). …Description of the Ball Python. These snakes grow to a maximum length of 6 ft., but their average size is around 3 – 4 ft. long. They have small heads and thick, stocky, bodies. In the wild, these snakes usually have a dark brown base, with gold or light brown blotches on the dorsal, or top, side of their body.Feb 18, 2022 · Albino Ball Python Price. Lavender albino morphs can cost anything from $300 to $6,000. A standard lavender albino snake with the lavender base color and no distinguishing features would probably cost less in comparison to more decorated individuals. Snakes that have other rare morphs in their ancestry cost more. How Big Is a Full-grown Ball Python? Generally reaching a length between 3 to 5 feet (0.9 to 1.5 meters), these ball pythons are known for their stout build and relatively modest dimensions compared to other python species. Genetic, environmental, and dietary factors affect ball python size in both the wild and captivity. A Ball Python will reach its full-grown size between two to three years old. Most pet Ball Pythons will grow at least three feet long. A male will typically top off at only 2.5 to 3.5 feet long, while a female can grow anywhere from 4 to 6 feet long. Both sexes are fully grown within three years.Sep 30, 2021 [2] A good rule of thumb for Ball Pythons would be to get a certain gallon sized tank during each stage of its life. A baby Ball Python can be kept in a 10-gallon tank until it starts to get too big. You want the snake to have enough room to roam around and stay active, so you don’t want to wait too long to increase your tank size.Learn how big ball pythons get as they grow from hatchling to adult, and how to monitor their weight and health. Find out the average size and weight for each …Some python adaptations include a high metabolism, the enlargement of organs during feeding and heat sensitive organs. It’s these heat sensitive organs that allow pythons to identi...By. Lianne McLeod, DVM. Updated on 07/07/21. Fact checked by. Emily Estep. Alistair Berg / Getty Images. The ball python is a good snake for a beginning snake owner. They typically grow to be up to five feet long, they are not as large as many of the other constricting snakes that are kept as pets, they are quite docile, and they are easy to ...A Ball Python will reach its full-grown size between two to three years old. Most pet Ball Pythons will grow at least three feet long. A male will typically top off at only 2.5 to 3.5 feet long, while a female can grow anywhere from 4 to 6 feet long. Both sexes are fully grown within three years.Sep 30, 2021 [2] 1,200 – 3,000 grams. Hatchling. 10 – 16 inches. 30 – 70 grams. Different individual snakes have different growth rates, but Pied Ball Pythons generally reach their adult size by 3 to 5 years of age. After this, they will continue to grow for the remainder of their lives, but at a much slower rate.A hatchling can weigh up to 300 grams and can be housed in a 10-gallon enclosure. Juveniles or young ball python will do fine in a 40-gallon terrarium. Adult male ball pythons grow to be 2 to 3 feet long, while the females get 3 to 5 feet long. The standard rule for ball python terrarium size is this: Length: at least the same length as …Here are the minimum dimensions for your pet ball python enclosure, based on snake size. All dimensions are given in Length x Width x Height. Hatchlings up to 300g can be housed in a 10 gallon enclosure or tub measuring approximately 20″ x 11″ x 13″ (50 x 28 x 33cm). Juveniles under 3′ long can be housed in a 36” x 18” x 18” (90 x ...Related: How Big Do Ball Python Snakes Get? Size, Growth Rate, And Factors. One of the most noticeable signs of stunted growth is the snake’s overall size. If a female ball python is significantly smaller than what is considered average for her age, it may indicate stunted growth. Other signs may include a lack of muscle tone, poor …

Similar to how reticulated pythons from some areas get very large, over 20 ft, while the same species from a different island may only grow half as big.. Army museum near me

how big do ball pythons get

By: Mutasim Sweileh Last updated: December 6, 2023 This site is supported by our readers. We may earn a commission, at no cost to you, if you purchase through …Bigger pythons eat mammals as big as monkeys, wallabies, antelope and pigs. According to the San Diego Zoo, a rock python was once found with a small leopard in its stomach. ... Ball python and ...Size & Weight: How Big Do Ball Pythons Get? Ball pythons are typically regarded as small to medium-sized snakes. Most ball pythons reach total lengths of between 3 and 5 feet, although the …Feb 4, 2024 ... Download this code from https://codegive.com Title: Understanding the Size of Male Ball Pythons: An Informative Tutorial Introduction: Ball ...Jan 24, 2023 · Key Points: An exceptionally large ball python might reach six feet in length. Most captive-bred ball pythons average from three to five feet. Since 1978, about four million ball pythons have been exported from Africa. They grow fastest during their first year of life but never stop growing. Mar 13, 2023 · The ball python is one of the 10 species that are in the genus Python. The genus is made up of constricting species in the Pythonidae family that live in the tropical and subtropical areas of the Eastern Hemisphere. The ball python female lays up to 11 eggs and coils around them to keep them warm. The eggs are incubated for around 2 months. #4: They’re Called Ball Pythons Because They Ball Up. The ball python gets its name from the fact that when they are scared or intimidated, these shy little snakes curl up into a cute little ball. Their name is another testament of their shy and docile natures. #5: The Most Expensive Ball Python Morph is $40,000A female ball python will measure between 3-5′ feet long, and weigh 4-7 pounds. Males range from 2-3′ feet in length and weigh 2-3 pounds. Female ball pythons are larger than males because they have a faster growth rate. The larger size of the female also aids her when she is carrying a clutch of eggs. Keep reading to learn more about how ...Python has become one of the most popular programming languages in recent years. Whether you are a beginner or an experienced developer, there are numerous online courses available...It totally depends on if you're getting a male or female. Females typically are a lot bigger. My adult males are something like 1200g and 1000g, and they're about 2" thick. They're 2 years and 1.5 years old. My female 2000g is maybe 3 inches, and 5 years old. But they can fit into smaller holes than themselves.Jun 5, 2023 · Key Takeaways. Ball pythons are typically manageable in size, with females measuring between 4-5 feet and males ranging from 2-3 feet. Environmental factors such as temperature, humidity levels, and proper nutrition play a significant role in the growth and overall health of ball pythons. Female ball pythons generally grow larger than males due ... A ball python, also known as Python regius, is a non-venomous snake species native to Africa. They are popular pets due to their docile nature and manageable size. How big do ball pythons get? Ball pythons typically grow to be 3-5 feet in length, with females being slightly larger than males. What do ball pythons eat?Ball pythons, like other snakes, eat varying sizes of prey depending on how big they are. Smaller and younger snakes may eat large crickets, but should ideally be eating pinkies and fuzzies until they grow larger. Adult ball pythons will eat adult mice and rats when they get big enough. Some ball python enthusiasts feel strongly that you …On average, male ball pythons will grow 8 inches and females will grow 12 to 16 inches every year until they are fully grown. Factors That Affect Ball Python Growth Your ball python’s maximum …How Big Do Pythons Get? ... Ball Pythons are typically smaller and can reach lengths of 3-5 feet, while Carpet Pythons grow to be 6-10 feet long, and Burmese ...How Big Do Ball Pythons Get. chris, October 6, 2023 October 6, 2023. Ball pythons are one of the most commonly kept pet snakes in the world, and for good reason. Not only are they relatively small in size, making them easy to care for, but they also have a docile temperament and an attractive appearance. But one of the most common …Do you know how to use a ball joint press? Find out how to use a ball joint press in this article from HowStuffWorks. Advertisement The suspension system of a car, which must be ke....

Popular Topics