Harvard’s Walter M. Cabot Professor of Aesthetics and General Theory of Value, Elaine Scarry, delivers the opening lecture to the J. Irwin Miller Symposium, ...Elaine Scarry is a Harvard English professor known for her interpretive daring. But now that she has focused her deconstructive powers on explaining airplane crashes, she is learning that not everybody thinks like a literary critic. By EMILY EAKIN. Photograph by Joyce Tenneson. laine Scarry is in her garden fretting over her dahlias.Author of the landmark study The Body in Pain, Elaine Scarry offers a stunning and original analysis of the “claim of emergency.”For sixty years, modern democratic governments have undermined democracy and increased executive power by invoking the idea of emergency. They have bypassed constitutional provisions …Severe psychic trauma is torture. PTSD has many of the same features as the pain intentionally inflicted by torture. (PTSD is a narrower category than severe ...May 20, 2023 ... This week, Anna Lembke, addiction specialist at Stanford Addiction Medicine Dual Diagnosis Clinic , and author of “ Dopamine Nation: Finding ...Elaine Scarry, On Beauty and Being Just. Fifth printing, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001. 134pp. “Beautiful things always carry greetings from other worlds …HARVARD COLLEGE Program in General Education 1414 Massachusetts Avenue 3rd Floor Cambridge, MA 02138 Phone: 617-495-2563 Fax: 617-496-4448 Email: [email protected]. English. xv, 157 p. ; 22 cm. Discusses the global ethics of increased executive power by invoking the idea of an emergency and cites philosophers, neuroscientists, and artists to prove that thinking and taking fast action are compatible. Includes bibliographical references (p. 109-141) and index. Elaine Scarry: Yes. That is a major argument in the book, that clogging is vital to democracy. What’s crucial is what is clogged. There’s no argument here that constitutions clog the act of making love, or clog our wish to use the library, or clog our publication of journals, or anything that has to do with civil society or personal life.Over the years Elaine Scarry has explored why and how people. make beautiful things and why they're also drawn to beautiful things. But, maybe most importantly, she knows how beauty can shape the. world in the service of justice. This year marks the twentieth anniver-sary of the publication of On Beauty and Being Just, a book about how beauty ... Elaine Scarry is the Cabot Professor of Aesthetics at Harvard University and a Senior Fellow at Harvard's Society of Fellows. She has worked on torture, war and the nuclear peril since 1977. Her recent book – Thermonuclear Monarchy – shows that nuclear weapons and democratic governance are mutually exclusive, and that we have ready atElaine Scarry bases her study on a wide range of sources: literature and art, medical case histories, documents on torture compiled by Amnesty International, legal transcripts of personal injury trials, and military and strategic writings by such figures as Clausewitz, Churchill, Liddell Hart, and Kissinger, She weaves these into her discussion ... Sep 20, 2016 · Elaine Scarry’s The Body in Pain has been a stunning academic success story.Continuously in print for nearly 30 years, it still ranks among Amazon’s top ten sellers in literary theory and counts over six thousand academic citations (Google Scholar, 2015).Reviewed upon its release by prominent public intellectuals in New Republic …Elaine Scarry's imagination works just this wonder: potent enough to dissolve our every grimy resentment, yet so delicate that in Beauty's renewed radiance we discern, long invisible, the subtle outline of an ethics."" D. A. Miller, Columbia University. From the …This book is a passionate call for citizen action to uphold the rule of law when government does not. Arguing that post-9/11 legislation and foreign policy severed the executive branch from the will of the people, Elaine Scarry in Rule of Law, Misrule of Men offers a fierce defense of the people's role as guarantor of our democracy.Elaine Scarry is Professor of English and American Literature and Language at Harvard University.Elaine Scarry's imagination works just this wonder: potent enough to dissolve our every grimy resentment, yet so delicate that in Beauty's renewed radiance we discern, long invisible, the subtle outline of an ethics."--D. A. Miller, Columbia University , , Read more ...Elaine Scarry's On Beauty and Being Just is the sort of book that ought to have been very good. Its author is a major cultural critic whose early books-- ...Elaine Scarry, Walter M. Cabot Professor of Aesthetics and the General Theory of Value at Harvard University, is author most recently of Thinking in an Emergency.Elaine Scarry is the Cabot Professor of Aesthetics at Harvard University and a Senior Fellow at Harvard's Society of Fellows. She has worked on torture, war and the nuclear peril since 1977. Her recent book – Thermonuclear Monarchy – shows that nuclear weapons and democratic governance are mutually exclusive, and that we have ready atPain is not only described as a medical term, but as an aspect of war, torture, and other explicitly political acts. Scarry’s body in pain is nevertheless falsely universalized. She does not take into account cultural/historical differences in how pain is perceived or used. For all humans at all times, she assumes, pain is the mark of the ...Elaine Scarry is a Harvard English professor known for her interpretive daring. But now that she has focused her deconstructive powers on explaining airplane crashes, she is learning that not everybody thinks like a literary critic. By EMILY EAKIN. Photograph by Joyce Tenneson. laine Scarry is in her garden fretting over her dahlias.In The Body in Pain, Elaine Scarry argues, “Physical pain has no voice, but when it at last finds a voice, it begins to tell a story” (3). Scarry’s argument highlights two important notions – the difficulties of elucidating unimaginable pain, and its ability to unravel through narration, both of which are exemplified in Elizabeth Bishop’s poem, “The Fish”.An Interview with ELAINE SCARRY THIS INTERVIEW CONTINUES A CONVERSATIONthat began at the University at Buffalo in 2015 when Elaine Scarry participated in a con-ference on pain organized by Rachel Ablow and James Bono. At that con-ference, Professor Scarry delivered a paper on the political consequences ofTHIS INTERVIEW CONTINUES A CONVERSATION that began at. the University at Buffalo in 2015 when Elaine Scarry participated in a con-ference on pain organized by Rachel Ablow and James Bono. At that con-ference, Professor Scarry delivered a paper on the political consequences of the difficulty of imagining the injuries inflicted by nuclear war.Elaine Scarry's On Beauty and Being Just is the sort of book that ought to have been very good. Its author is a major cultural critic whose early books-- ...Mar 7, 2023 · by Elaine Scarry. Discusses the global ethics of increased executive power by invoking the idea of an emergency and cites philosophers, neuroscientists, and artists to prove that thinking and taking fast action are compatible. Showing 3 featured editions.The problem that’s gripped Harvard English Professor Elaine Scarry, 61, is why many people lack the empathetic storyteller’s sense of “generous imaginings.” Contribute magazine has her ...Elaine Scarry is the author of The Body in Pain (4.13 avg rating, 1520 ratings, 140 reviews, published 1985), On Beauty and Being Just (3.63 avg rating, ... From one of our leading social thinkers, a compelling case for the elimination of nuclear weapons., Thermonuclear Monarchy, Choosing Between Democracy and ...Jul 2, 2019 · Haneke’s film Funny Games is a reflection on the nature of pain and representation. I argue that the film closely follows Elaine Scarry’s arguments about the structure of torture. Further, by refusing to appeal to categories of generalization such as ‘sadism’ and ‘psychopathy’, Haneke undermines the process of finding meaning in ...Learn more. Elaine Scarry, Walter M. Cabot Professor of Aesthetics and the General Theory of Value; Senior Fellow of the Society of Fellows.May 21, 2013 · We often attribute to our imaginative life powers that go beyond ordinary perception or sensation. In Dreaming by the Book, the noted scholar Elaine Scarry explores the apparently miraculous but in fact understandable processes by which poets and writers confer those powers on us: how they teach us the work of imaginative creation. Her publications include The Body in Pain; Dreaming by the Book; On Beauty; and Being Just, and articles on war and social contract. In addition to teaching English, she has lectured in law and medicine, and delivered …Apr 6, 2022 · Caitlin. 40310148. Caitlin. Elaine Scarry, The Difficulty of Imagining Other Persons - Free download as PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or read online for free. The Difficulty of Imagining Other Persons.Elaine Scarry is Professor of English at Harvard University. She has written on such diverse subjects as Thomas Hardy’s use of imagery and language, phenomenon of physical …Oct 5, 2000 · 伊莱恩·斯卡里（Elaine Scarry，1946 年 6 月 30 日出生）是一位美国散文家、英美文学和语言教授。她是哈佛大学沃尔特·M·卡伯特美学和普遍价值理论教授。她的兴趣包括表征理论、身体疼痛的语言，以及艺术、科学和法律中的文字结构和物质创造。Language. English. xv, 157 p. ; 22 cm. Discusses the global ethics of increased executive power by invoking the idea of an emergency and cites philosophers, neuroscientists, and artists to prove that thinking and taking fast action are compatible. Includes bibliographical references (p. 109-141) and index. Elaine Scarry bases her study on a wide range of sources: literature and art, medical case histories, documents on torture compiled by Amnesty International, legal transcripts of personal injury trials, and military and strategic writings by such figures as Clausewitz, Churchill, Liddell Hart, and Kissinger, She weaves these into her discussion ... HARVARD COLLEGE Program in General Education 1414 Massachusetts Avenue 3rd Floor Cambridge, MA 02138 Phone: 617-495-2563 Fax: 617-496-4448 Email: [email protected] Scarry. Main content start. Elaine Scarry. ENGLISH AND COMPARATIVE LITERATURE. Harvard University. Fellowship year. 2003-04. 1996-97.In this fascinating study, Elaine Scarry adds rich historical, philosophical, literary, and legal depth to Butler’s grim warnings, with novel and provocative insights. That we have escaped disaster so far is a near miracle. Scarry’s remarkable contribution should inspire us to abolish this colossal folly." ― Noam Chomsky "[U]rgent and ...Elaine Scarry, Walter M. Cabot Professor of Aesthetics and the General Theory of Value at Harvard University, is author most recently of Thinking in an ...Elaine Scarry is Professor of English and American Literature and Language at Harvard University.Author of the landmark study The Body in Pain, Elaine Scarry offers a stunning and original analysis of the “claim of emergency.”For sixty years, modern democratic governments have undermined democracy and increased executive power by invoking the idea of emergency. They have bypassed constitutional provisions …146 ratings18 reviews. Author of the landmark study The Body in Pain , Elaine Scarry offers a stunning and original analysis of the “claim of emergency.”. For sixty years, modern democratic governments have undermined democracy and increased executive power by invoking the idea of emergency. They have bypassed constitutional …Elaine Scarry, Walter M. Cabot Professor of Aesthetics and the General Theory of Value; Senior Fellow of the Society of Fellows Sep 26, 1985 · Elaine Scarry bases her study on a wide range of sources: literature and art, medical case histories, documents on torture compiled by Amnesty International, legal transcripts of personal injury trials, and military and strategic writings by such figures as Clausewitz, Churchill, Liddell Hart, and Kissinger, She weaves these into her discussion ... Severe psychic trauma is torture. PTSD has many of the same features as the pain intentionally inflicted by torture. (PTSD is a narrower category than severe ...In On Beauty and Being Just Elaine Scarry not only defends beauty from the political arguments against it but also argues that beauty does indeed press us toward a greater concern for justice. Taking inspiration from writers and thinkers as diverse as Homer, Plato, Marcel Proust, Simone Weil, and Iris Murdoch as well as her own experiences ...146 ratings18 reviews. Author of the landmark study The Body in Pain , Elaine Scarry offers a stunning and original analysis of the “claim of emergency.”. For sixty years, modern democratic governments have undermined democracy and increased executive power by invoking the idea of emergency. They have bypassed constitutional …Jul 2, 2019 · Haneke’s film Funny Games is a reflection on the nature of pain and representation. I argue that the film closely follows Elaine Scarry’s arguments about the structure of torture. Further, by refusing to appeal to categories of generalization such as ‘sadism’ and ‘psychopathy’, Haneke undermines the process of finding meaning in ...Apr 9, 2001 · "I was very excited by Elaine Scarry’s dizzily ambitious Dreaming by the Book.Scarry’s brilliantly original project is to describe a kind of grammar or algebra of the instructions by which a writer causes a mental image to be constructed in the mind of the reader."—A. S. Byatt, Times Literary Supplement Nov 3, 2022 ... Literature, unlike the other arts, has no material content. The pictures are made on the mental retina. When we imagine a color, ...Over the years Elaine Scarry has explored why and how people. make beautiful things and why they're also drawn to beautiful things. But, maybe most importantly, she knows how beauty can shape the. world in the service of justice. This year marks the twentieth anniver-sary of the publication of On Beauty and Being Just, a book about how beauty ... Nov 14, 2016 · This special issue of Subjectivity marks the 30th anniversary of the publication of Elaine Scarry’s book The Body in Pain. It reengages with her book by interrogating and expanding her conceptualisation of pain and tracing the relevance of her careful structural analyses of torture for understanding present-day practices of pleasure, war and entertainment. HARVARD COLLEGE Program in General Education 1414 Massachusetts Avenue 3rd Floor Cambridge, MA 02138 Phone: 617-495-2563 Fax: 617-496-4448 Email: [email protected] of the landmark study The Body in Pain, Elaine Scarry offers a stunning and original analysis of the “claim of emergency.”For sixty years, modern democratic governments have undermined democracy and increased executive power by invoking the idea of emergency. They have bypassed constitutional provisions …2 days ago · Peter Benson applauds a beautiful book on beauty by Elaine Scarry. In 1998, Elaine Scarry, a professor of aesthetics at Harvard University, was invited to give the prestigious Tanner Lectures on Human Values. (Previous lecturers have included Michel Foucault and John Rawls.) This short, incisive, intelligent book is based on her lectures.Jun 1, 2013 · Elaine Scarry’s On Beauty and Being Just, from which Smith claims to have borrowed “a title, a chapter heading and a good deal of inspiration” (i), also chafes at the liberal arts ...Sep 20, 2016 · This article examines the well-known though contested stance of Elaine Scarry regarding the inability to express our pain. Reviewing the problem shows that certain practices (scientific, judicial, medical) communicate the pain objectively. But when transmitting our pain becomes challenging, one important solution is found in Scarry’s …Elaine Scarry, a professor of English and American Literature and Language, is the Walter M. Cabot Professor of Aesthetics and the General Theory of Value at Harvard University. Her interests include Theory of Representation, the Language of Physical Pain and Structure of Verbal and Material Making in Art, Science and the Law. She is the author of* The …The assumption behind Scarry's and Smith's arguments is that beauty, and all that it implies as the focus of a moral disposition and a practical engagement with ...Elaine Scarry bases her study on a wide range of sources: literature and art, medical case histories, documents on torture compiled by Amnesty International, ...Memory, Brain, and Belief. Daniel L. Schacter, Elaine Scarry. Harvard University Press, 2001 - Medical - 349 pages. The scientific research literature on memory is enormous. Yet until now no single book has focused on the complex interrelationships of memory and belief. This book brings together eminent scholars from neuroscience, cognitive ...Elaine Scarry is the author of The Body in Pain (4.13 avg rating, 1520 ratings, 140 reviews, published 1985), On Beauty and Being Just (3.63 avg rating, ... Taking inspiration from writers and thinkers as diverse as Homer, Plato, Marcel Proust, Simone Weil, and Iris Murdoch as well as her own experiences, Scarry ...Part philosophical meditation, part cultural critique, The Body in Pain is a profoundly original study that has already stirred excitement in a wide range of intellectual circles. The book …Peter Benson applauds a beautiful book on beauty by Elaine Scarry. In 1998, Elaine Scarry, a professor of aesthetics at Harvard University, was invited to give the prestigious Tanner Lectures on Human Values. (Previous lecturers have included Michel Foucault and John Rawls.) This short, incisive, intelligent book is based on her lectures. Elaine Scarry: Yes, absolutely. Thinking in Emergency was, from the outset, a chapter of Thermonuclear Monarchy; Norton chose to publish that chapter in advance as a stand-alone book in their Global Ethics Series. In 1993, I was a Leff Fellow at Yale, which was an invitation to give a few lectures and seminars.Jul 13, 2011 · Thinking in an Emergency. An Interview with Elaine Scarry. David V. Johnson. Books & Ideas. July 13, 2011. Former Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice was fond of noting that the Chinese character for “crisis” also means “opportunity.”. In this era of disasters both natural and man-made, governments threaten to seize these emergency ... The problem that’s gripped Harvard English Professor Elaine Scarry, 61, is why many people lack the empathetic storyteller’s sense of “generous imaginings.” Contribute magazine has her ...Subjectivity (2016) 9, 333–342. doi:10.1057/s41286-016-0012-8; Published online 26 September 2016. 2015 marked the 30th anniversary of the publication of Elaine Scarry’s …Her publications include The Body in Pain; Dreaming by the Book; On Beauty; and Being Just, and articles on war and social contract. In addition to teaching English, she has lectured in law and medicine, and delivered …May 21, 2013 · In Dreaming by the Book, the noted scholar Elaine Scarry explores the apparently miraculous but in fact understandable processes by which poets and writers confer those powers on us: how they teach us the work of imaginative creation. Writers from Homer to Heaney, Scarry argues, instruct us in the art of mental composition even as …Elaine Scarry discussed her research on beauty at a campus event hosted by the Humanities Institute on November 28, 2012. Like many people in the humanities, I was drawn to the study of literature and art because of the beauty of the objects being considered. I gradually became aware that though the humanities puts beautiful objects …Jul 13, 2011 · Thinking in an Emergency. An Interview with Elaine Scarry. David V. Johnson. Books & Ideas. July 13, 2011. Former Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice was fond of noting that the Chinese character for “crisis” also means “opportunity.”. In this era of disasters both natural and man-made, governments threaten to seize these emergency ... Elaine Scarry is the Cabot Professor of Aesthetics and the General Theory of Value at Harvard University. Her book The Body in Pain was a National Book...Open Preview. On Beauty and Being Just Quotes Showing 1-11 of 11. “This willingness continually to revise one's own location in order to place oneself in the path of beauty is the basic impulse underlying education. One submits oneself to other minds (teachers) in order to increase the chance that one will be looking in the right direction ...Sep 26, 1985 · Elaine Scarry bases her study on a wide range of sources: literature and art, medical case histories, documents on torture compiled by Amnesty International, legal transcripts of personal injury trials, and military and strategic writings by such figures as Clausewitz, Churchill, Liddell Hart, and Kissinger, She weaves these into her discussion ... Nov 17, 2023 · Elaine Scarry, On Beauty and Being Just . Fifth printing, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001. 134pp. “Beautiful things always carry greetings from other worlds within them.” (47) Beauty, according to Elaine Scarry, “incites deliberation” (28). Therefore, in reflecting over On Beau Elaine Scarry is the Walter M. Cabot Professor of Aesthetics and the General Theory of Value at Harvard University. She is the author of The Body in Pain, On...Indeed, returning to Scarry's work, Kroeber accomplished in part through appropriating the voices of his others, even. work that he putatively co-authored with Spott, Yurok Narratives and Kroeber 1942). Here, Spott's voice is first disconnected from through Kroeber's editorial polishing, and then overridden by.Elaine Scarry, Walter M. Cabot Professor of Aesthetics and the General Theory of Value at Harvard University, is author most recently of Thinking in an Emergency.Elaine Scarry bases her study on a wide range of sources: literature and art, medical case histories, documents on torture compiled by Amnesty International, ...Subjectivity (2016) 9, 333–342. doi:10.1057/s41286-016-0012-8; Published online 26 September 2016. 2015 marked the 30th anniversary of the publication of Elaine Scarry’s …Elaine Scarry (NHC Fellow, 1979–80). Project Title. The Language of Physical Pain. University of Pennsylvania. Return to All Fellows. Fellowship Work Summary ..."I was very excited by Elaine Scarry’s dizzily ambitious Dreaming by the Book.Scarry’s brilliantly original project is to describe a kind of grammar or algebra of the instructions by which a writer causes a mental image to be constructed in the mind of the reader."—A. S. Byatt, Times Literary Supplement "A startling inquiry . . . a truly revealing …Professor Elaine Scarry is the Walter M. Cabot Professor of Aesthetics and the General Theory of Value at Harvard University since 1997. Prior to his work at Harvard University, he served as the William T. Fitts, Jr. Professor of English at the University of Pennsylvania. Her interests include beauty and its relation to justice, Mental, verbal, and …Elaine Scarry Oxford University Press , Sep 26, 1985 - Literary Criticism - 400 pages Part philosophical meditation, part cultural critique, The Body in Pain is a profoundly original study that has already stirred excitement in a wide range of intellectual circles.
Elaine Scarry. Oxford University Press, 1985 - Literary Criticism - 385 pages. Part philosophical meditation, part cultural critique, The Body in Pain is a profoundly original …. Mc command center the sims 4
Elaine Scarry is the author of On Beauty and Being Just and recently received the Truman Capote Prize for Dreaming by the Book. She teaches at Harvard, where she is completing a project on war and the social contract. (October 2000) The Fall of EgyptAir 990. October 5, 2000 issueJun 1, 2013 · Elaine Scarry’s On Beauty and Being Just, from which Smith claims to have borrowed “a title, a chapter heading and a good deal of inspiration” (i), also chafes at the liberal arts ...Sep 26, 1985 · Elaine Scarry bases her study on a wide range of sources: literature and art, medical case histories, documents on torture compiled by Amnesty International, legal transcripts of personal injury trials, and military and strategic writings by such figures as Clausewitz, Churchill, Liddell Hart, and Kissinger, She weaves these into her discussion ... Feb 5, 2013 · The book that emerged from the trip, The Body in Pain (1985), made its author, Elaine Scarry, now a Harvard professor, our intellectual guide, and nearly thirty years on she remains a valuable ... Elaine Scarry is the Cabot Professor of Aesthetics and the General Theory of Value at Harvard University. Her book The Body in Pain was a National Book Critics Circle Award finalist. She lives in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Books by …should inspire us to abolish this colossal folly.' Elaine Scarry is Professor of Aesthetics and General Theory of Value at Harvard. Her most recent book:Elaine Scarry. Publication date 1999 Topics Imagination in literature., Imagination (Philosophy), Imagery (Psychology), Authors and readers., Books and reading., Reader-response criticism. Publisher Farrar, Straus and Giroux Collection printdisabled; internetarchivebooks Contributor Internet Archive Language English.Jun 10, 2014 · The peculiar Marxism of Elaine Scarry. ... For Scarry, the faculty of creativity emerges from the observation of need. To create is, inherently, to imagine; creation begins from the projection of a counterfactual world in which the need presently observed is rendered non-existent in virtue of an object that one conceives of creating. Of light ...From one of our leading social thinkers, a compelling case for the elimination of nuclear weapons., Thermonuclear Monarchy, Choosing Between Democracy and ...Nov 14, 2016 · This special issue of Subjectivity marks the 30th anniversary of the publication of Elaine Scarry’s book The Body in Pain. It reengages with her book by interrogating and expanding her conceptualisation of pain and tracing the relevance of her careful structural analyses of torture for understanding present-day practices of pleasure, war and entertainment. Elaine Scarry, On Beauty and Being Just . Fifth printing, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001. 134pp. “Beautiful things always carry greetings from other worlds within them.” (47) Beauty, according to Elaine Scarry, “incites deliberation” (28). Therefore, in reflecting over On BeauLike. “It is the intense pain that destroys a person's self and world, a destruction experienced spatially as either the contraction of the universe down to the immediate vicinity of the body or as the body swelling to fill the entire universe.”. ― Elaine Scarry, The Body in Pain: The Making and Unmaking of the World. tags: pain , the-body.Elaine Scarry, On Beauty and Being Just. Fifth printing, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001. 134pp. “Beautiful things always carry greetings from other worlds …In On Beauty and Being Just Elaine Scarry not only defends beauty from the political arguments against it but also argues that beauty does indeed press us toward a greater concern for justice. Taking inspiration from writers and …Jun 25, 2019 ... This matters for more than historical reasons, however, because the wounded serve as a testament to what Elaine Scarry insists is 'the main ...May 15, 2003 · Elaine Scarry, Walter M. Cabot Professor of Aesthetics and the General Theory of Value at Harvard University, is the author of The Body in Pain, On Beauty and Being Just, Dreaming by the Book, and Resisting Representation. Bibliographic information. Title: Who Defended The Country?: A New Democracy Forum on Authoritarian versus …30 quotes from Elaine Scarry: 'to have great pain is to have certainty; to hear that another person has pain is to have doubt.', 'How one walks through the world, the endless small adjustments of balance, is affected by the shifting weights of beautiful things.', and 'This willingness continually to revise one's own location in order to place oneself in the path of …Elaine Scarry's On Beauty and Being Just is the sort of book that ought to have been very good. Its author is a major cultural critic whose early books--including The Body in Pain and Dreaming by the Book have been exceptional guides to the topics they explore. And she has incontestable academic credentials in the field of aesthetic theory..