Video transcript. We're in the church of San Luigi dei Francesi here in Rome and we're looking at the paintings by Caravaggio in the Contarelli chapel. There are three paintings; the painting on the left shows the calling of Saint Matthew. Saint Matthew would become one of the apostles of Christ but this is the moment just before the moment of ...Find a list of greatest artists associated with Caravaggisti at Wikiart.org – the best visual art database.The Utrecht Caravaggisti Hendrick ter Brugghen and Gerrit van Honthorst, as well as Frans Hals and Judith Leyster, were genre painters of the Dutch Republic. Their work generally depicted taverns and other scenes of entertainment (Merry Company paintings) hat catered to the tastes and interests of a growing segment of the Dutch middle class.Domenico Fetti, (born 1588/89, Rome, Papal States [now in Italy]—died April 16, 1623, Venice, Republic of Venice), Italian Baroque painter whose best-known works are small representations of biblical parables as scenes from everyday life—e.g., The Good Samaritan. These works, which Fetti painted between 1618 and 1622, were executed in a ...The term Caravaggism describes the techniques of tenebrism and chiaroscuro popularized by the radical Italian Mannerist painter Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio (1571-1610), …At Album we have the perfect stock image for your next project. We are specialized in high-quality photos, images and illustrations of cinema, art, history, ...Three paintings by other Caravaggisti, as his followers were called, open this show, and the best is a scene by Bartolomeo Manfredi (circa 1582-1622), in which Christ wields a cat-o’-nine-tails ...An exhibition featuring the works of the great artist and 21 “Caravaggisti” is on view through June 16 at the Wadsworth Atheneum Museum of Art in Hartford. Skip to content Skip to site index.Caravaggio and Caravaggisti in 17th-century Italy With most artists we know about their lives and personalities from biographies that friends or contemporaries wrote about them. In the case of Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio, however, we know about his life primarily from police records.Michelangelo Merisi xứ Caravaggio, (29 tháng 9 năm 1571 – 18 tháng 7 năm 1610) là một nghệ sĩ người Ý hoạt động tại Roma, Napoli, Malta và Sicilia từ trong khoảng từ năm 1593 đến 1610. Ông là đại diện lớn đầu tiên của trường phái hội họa Baroque, nổi tiếng vì …The article describes the technology of canvas preparation by Caravaggio and his followers. The scientific goal of the project was to employ interdisciplinary research in order to identify technology and techniques of the selected Caravaggisti works from the Polish collections.He lived for a time in the Via Margutta, and almost certainly associated with other Caravaggisti who flocked to Rome at that time, such as Gerrit van Honthorst and Hendrick ter Brugghen, among other Utrecht painters active in Rome by 1615. WikiMatrix.Allowing Silence. Georges de la Tour was 17 when Caravaggio died, by murder or lead poisoning depending on who you ask, but the master’s work lived on in La Tour, and evolved in a surprising way. We don’t know where La Tour learned to paint, and it’s only speculation that he traveled through Italy as a young man.Caravaggisti Cecco del Caravaggio Francesco Buoneri Materials characterization. Painting techniques. Abstract: The object of the analyses was the painting ...Listen to Dr Helen Langdon, art historian, author and curator, discussing Caravaggio's influence and his followers in Rome. This talk was presented in association with the exhibition Beyond Caravaggio (11 February – 14 May 2017). Recorded in the National Gallery of Ireland on 2 March 2017. Note for listeners: Due to new e-privacy …Europe 1300 - 1800 13 units · 64 skills. Unit 1 Beginner's guide to the Early Modern period. Unit 2 Italy and Spain, 14th century. Unit 3 Italy, 15th century. Unit 4 Italy 16th century. Unit 5 Northern Europe 15th century. Unit 6 Northern Europe 16th century. Unit 7 Spain and Portugal 15th–16th century. Unit 8 Reformation and Counter ...3. The Caravaggisti Madonna of Loreto, Caravaggio, circa 1604 When The Inspiration of Saint Matthew painting was completed for the Contarelli Chapel, many people were drawn to it. His work influenced a number of young artists to follow suit. This generation of artists is known as the “Caravaggisti”.The Caravaggisti. The painters then in Rome were greatly taken by this novelty, and the young ones particularly gathered around him, praised him as the unique imitator of nature, and looked on his work as miracles. They outdid each other in imitating his works, undressing their models and raising their lights. Giovanni Pietro Bellori 1672. Italian: ·plural of caravaggistaExplore the World of the Caravaggisti! A contemporary perspective Young international artists from the Academy of Fine Arts in Munich took a current look at the style and themes of the exhibited paintings. The Utrecht Caravaggisti painted predominantly history scenes and genre pieces. These are life-size paintings with economical and powerful compositions; the impact of the scene is heightened by contrasting areas of light and dark, and a small number of figures who are abruptly cropped so that they seem to be portrayed in close-up.Diego Velázquez (1599–1660) English Heritage, The Wellington Collection, Apsley House. Caravaggism is a style named after the influential Italian artist Caravaggio. He used strong lighting effects, realistic figures based on models, and simple but dramatic compositions to illustrate religious stories. Seventeenth-century artists in Italy ...Domenico Fetti, (born 1588/89, Rome, Papal States [now in Italy]—died April 16, 1623, Venice, Republic of Venice), Italian Baroque painter whose best-known works are small representations of biblical parables as scenes from everyday life—e.g., The Good Samaritan. These works, which Fetti painted between 1618 and 1622, were executed in a ...See all related content →. Orazio Gentileschi (born 1562, Pisa [Italy]—died February 7, 1639, London, England) Italian Baroque painter, one of the more important painters who came under the influence of Caravaggio and who was one of the more successful interpreters of his style. His daughter, Artemisia Gentileschi, who was trained …Other Caravaggisti were also influenced by Caravaggio’s humanizing depictions of devotional subjects. In their representations of the Doubting Thomas, for instance, Ter Brugghen, Honthorst, and Mattias Stomer reproduced the extraordinary half-length figures in semi-circular groupings and visceral depiction of Thomas’s finger in Christ’s ... Baroque painting is the painting associated with the Baroque cultural movement, which began in Italy in the 17th century. In its most typical manifestations, Baroque painting is characterized by great drama, rich, deep color, and intense light and dark shadows. Caravaggio was an important figure in early Baroque painting during the 16th and ...Roger Fry and the “Rediscovery” of Caravaggio After Caravaggio: Painting in Rome, 1610–1640 Orazio Gentileschi, at Home and Abroad Artemisia Gentileschi and the Woman “Problem” Jusepe de Ribera and the Art Market in the Kingdom of Naples The Utrecht Caravaggisti The French Caravaggisti: Valentin de Boulogne or Georges de La Tour …Apr 18, 2019 ... Dorotheum Specialist Mark MacDonnell On Artemisia Gentileschi and the Caravaggisti · On the 29th of April, Dorotheum auction house in Vienna will ...Italian Caravaggisti Among the works by Caravaggisti for sale at Dorotheum on April 30 th is a St Bartholomew by Bartolomeo Manfredi (Lot 362, estimate € 300.000-400.000) and another of the same subject, a St Bartholomew (Lot 359, estimate € 80.000-120.000), painted by an unconfirmed hand, catalogued as Roman School but recently …Mar 12, 2017 ... Beyond Caravaggio: The International Caravaggisti Movement. Apart from scholarship that concentrates on Caravaggio's pictures themselves, ...The Caravaggisti were stylistic followers of the late 16th-century Italian Baroque painter Caravaggio.Among Friends and Rivals: Caravaggio in Rome. Sep 8 – Dec 31, 2023. Gallery 211. Closed. Two rarely loaned paintings by Caravaggio join works by his …Caravaggism. The Italian Baroque painter Caravaggio, short for Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio (1571-1610), was known primarily for his powerful contrasts of light and dark and his rendering of saints as ordinary people. To intensify the drama in his compositions he zoomed in on his models, whom he usually portrayed half-length. He skipped that stage because he believed in the importance of looking at nature.”. This resulted in paintings remarkable for their striking, in-your-face realism, which captured even the ...Caravaggio's brief stay in Naples produced a notable school of Neapolitan Caravaggisti, including Battistello Caracciolo and Carlo Sellitto. The Caravaggisti movement there ended with a terrible outbreak of plague in 1656, but the Spanish connection—Naples was a possession of Spain—was instrumental in forming the important Spanish branch of ... Nov 2, 2022 ... Expert-Verified Answer ... the artist Caravaggio and the caravaggisti who emulated his style can be best described as incorporating chiaroscuro ...3. Caravaggisti. Kada je slika Nadahnuće svetog Mateja dovršena za kapelu Contarelli, mnoge je ljude privukla. Njegov je rad utjecao na niz mladih umjetnika da ga slijede. Ova generacija umjetnika poznata je kao Caravaggisti. Jedna od najpoznatijih obožavateljica Caravaggiova djela bila je Artemisia Gentileschi.Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like 1. Susanna and the Elders, 1610 (Pommersfelden, Graf von Schonborn Collection) Gentileschi ...Jul 25, 2019 · 21 Facts About Caravaggio. By Eva Sarah Molcard. 1. Caravaggio was orphaned at a young age. Caravaggio was born in 1571, when the bubonic plague was still ravaging much of the population of Europe. His father, grandfather and grandmother each died of the plague in the span of three days when Caravaggio was just six years old, and his mother ... Italian: ·plural of caravaggistaCaravaggisti. Mars Chastising Cupid (ca. 1605–1610) by Bartolomeo Manfredi. The Caravaggisti (or the "Caravagesques") were stylistic followers of the late 16th-century Italian Baroque painter Caravaggio. His influence on the new Baroque style that eventually emerged from Mannerism was profound. Caravaggio never established a workshop as most ... The Tower is located where the Tagus River (the longest river on the Iberian Peninsula) meets the Atlantic Ocean. Mariners arrived in or departed Lisbon from Belém’s beach (Praia do Restelo), which provided shelter from the strong Atlantic winds. In the fifteenth century, Infante Dom Henrique, known today as Prince Henry the Navigator, built ...Nov 2, 2022 ... Expert-Verified Answer ... the artist Caravaggio and the caravaggisti who emulated his style can be best described as incorporating chiaroscuro ...The Utrecht Caravaggisti. By Brea Freeburn . The 17th century marked significant changes of modern development within the arts across the whole of Europe. This period had been identified as the “Baroque” which initiated in Rome.Rome was the accomplished religious and cultural centre of Italy at the turn of the 17th century and was the home of the world …Caravaggio's brief stay in Naples produced a notable school of Neapolitan Caravaggisti, including Battistello Caracciolo and Carlo Sellitto. The Caravaggisti movement there ended with a terrible outbreak of plague in 1656, but the Spanish connection—Naples was a possession of Spain—was instrumental in forming the important Spanish branch of ... Mar 17, 1591 - Mar 18, 1651. Gerard Seghers was a Flemish painter, art collector, and art dealer. After a period of study and residence in Rome, he returned to Flanders where he became one of the leading representatives of the Flemish Caravaggisti movement. In his later career he abandoned the Caravaggist style and genre motifs to become an ...Kylie ... The artist Caravaggio and the Caravaggisti who emulated his style can be best described as incorporating which of the following characteristics in their ...Apr 16, 2019 ... ' Technical analysis: The painting shows a remarkable aptitude in the use of colour to define the different levels of the landscape, the figures ...Dirck Jaspersz. van Baburen (c. 1595 – 21 February 1624) was a Dutch painter and one of the Utrecht Caravaggisti. Biography Prometheus Being Chained by Vulcan by Dirck van Baburen (1623) Oil on canvas, 202 x 184 cm. Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam.Caravaggio’s Artworks and Life. Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio moved to Rome, where he became well-known for his tenebrism technique, which used darkness to emphasize lighter sections.Caravaggio was the first of the Italian Baroque artists to adopt chiaroscuro as a prominent aesthetic characteristic, intensifying the shadows and …Among Friends and Rivals: Caravaggio in Rome. Sep 8 – Dec 31, 2023. Gallery 211. Closed. Two rarely loaned paintings by Caravaggio join works by his …Caravaggio Wallpapers. View all recent wallpapers ». Tons of awesome Caravaggio wallpapers to download for free. You can also upload and share your favorite Caravaggio wallpapers. HD wallpapers and background images.Caravaggio and Caravaggisti in 17th-century Italy. With most artists we know about their lives and personalities from biographies that friends or contemporaries wrote about them. In the case of Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio, however, we know about his life primarily from police records. The Utrecht Caravaggisti painted predominantly history scenes and genre pieces. These are life-size paintings with economical and powerful compositions; the impact of the scene is heightened by contrasting areas of light and dark, and a small number of figures who are abruptly cropped so that they seem to be portrayed in close-up.Find a list of greatest artists associated with Caravaggisti at Wikiart.org – the best visual art database.Ribera was a leading painter of the Spanish school, although his mature work was all done in Italy. Periods: Baroque Painting, Tenebrism, Caravaggisti. To ...18 April – 21 July 2024. May 1610. Caravaggio is in Naples working on the last picture he'd ever paint. Two months later, he died in mysterious circumstances. But it was during his final tumultuous years that Caravaggio made some of his most striking works. His characteristic style includes tightly cropped scenes and dramatic lighting.In Rome, by 1620 he was sharing lodgings with painters David de Haen and Dirk van Baburen, both members of the Caravaggisti. Regnier then entered into the ...Caravaggisti Cecco del Caravaggio Francesco Buoneri Materials characterization. Painting techniques. Abstract: The object of the analyses was the painting ...Baroque painting is the painting associated with the Baroque cultural movement, which began in Italy in the 17th century. In its most typical manifestations, Baroque painting is characterized by great drama, rich, deep color, and intense light and dark shadows. Caravaggio was an important figure in early Baroque painting during the 16th and ...Caravaggio (born September 29, 1571, Milan or Caravaggio [Italy]—died July 18/19, 1610, Porto Ercole, Tuscany) was a leading Italian painter of the late 16th and …Which work of art shown is by a Caravaggisti? Da Cortona, Triumph of the Barberini Pozzo, Glorification of Saint Ignatius Gaulli, Triumph in the Name of Jesus Carracci, Loves of the Gods CONCEPT → Caravaggio and His Followers 17 CONCEPT → Mughal Architecture 18 Report an issue with this question Dec 15, 2023 · Judith Leyster and the Utrecht Caravaggisti. The Utrecht Caravaggisti were a group of Dutch artists influenced by the work of Italian painter Caravaggio, who exploited dramatic light and shade contrasts and naturalistic compositions. It is possible that Leyster came into contact with their work while her family briefly lived near Utrecht around ... Jul 25, 2019 · 21 Facts About Caravaggio. By Eva Sarah Molcard. 1. Caravaggio was orphaned at a young age. Caravaggio was born in 1571, when the bubonic plague was still ravaging much of the population of Europe. His father, grandfather and grandmother each died of the plague in the span of three days when Caravaggio was just six years old, and his mother ... Diego Velázquez (1599–1660) English Heritage, The Wellington Collection, Apsley House. Caravaggism is a style named after the influential Italian artist Caravaggio. He used strong lighting effects, realistic figures based on models, and simple but dramatic compositions to illustrate religious stories. Seventeenth-century artists in Italy ...Dec 31, 2023 · Caravaggio’s followers, known as the Caravaggisti, embraced the stylistic hallmarks of the painter’s intensely naturalistic work. Like their trailblazing idol, they used models from real life, boldly depicting their quirks and flaws in dynamic compositions whose turbulent movement was revealed in dramatic extremes of light and dark. The article describes the technology of canvas preparation by Caravaggio and his followers. The scientific goal of the project was to employ interdisciplinary research in order to identify technology and techniques of the selected Caravaggisti works from the Polish collections.Sep 12, 2023 · These followers, known as the Caravaggisti, were drawn to Rome from all over Europe, and they enthusiastically embraced the most notable characteristics of his paintings, demonstrating variations in themes and individual artistic approaches along the way. Martha and Mary Magdalene (about 1598) Hendrick Jansz ter Brugghen (detto anche Terbrugghen) ebbe un ruolo di primo piano, assieme a Gerrit van Honthorst e Dirck van Baburen, tra i seguaci olandesi del Caravaggio, i cosiddetti caravaggisti di Utrecht. Nasce nel 1588 nei Paesi Bassi. Si stabilì giovanissimo a Utrecht dove diventò allievo di Abraham Bloemaert. Other Caravaggisti were also influenced by Caravaggio’s humanizing depictions of devotional subjects. In their representations of the Doubting Thomas, for instance, Ter Brugghen, Honthorst, and Mattias Stomer reproduced the extraordinary half-length figures in semi-circular groupings and visceral depiction of Thomas’s finger in Christ’s ... Transcript. "Saint John the Baptist in the Wilderness,” by Caravaggio, is a Baroque period painting on display at The Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art in Kansas City, Missouri. Painted circa 1604, the painting is characterized by its dramatic chiaroscuro technique that contrasts light and shadows, and innovative depiction of Saint John the Baptist ... Michelangelo Merisi xứ Caravaggio, (29 tháng 9 năm 1571 – 18 tháng 7 năm 1610) là một nghệ sĩ người Ý hoạt động tại Roma, Napoli, Malta và Sicilia từ trong khoảng từ năm 1593 đến 1610. Ông là đại diện lớn đầu tiên của trường phái hội họa Baroque, nổi tiếng vì …Georges de La Tour (1593-1652) One of the great French Baroque artists, indeed one of the finest Old Masters of Baroque art in Europe, Georges de La Tour led a highly successful career in Luneville in the Duchy of Lorraine. His patrons included Louis XIII, Cardinal Richelieu and the Duke of Lorraine, and he became official court painter to ...Domenico Fetti, (born 1588/89, Rome, Papal States [now in Italy]—died April 16, 1623, Venice, Republic of Venice), Italian Baroque painter whose best-known works are small representations of biblical parables as scenes from everyday life—e.g., The Good Samaritan. These works, which Fetti painted between 1618 and 1622, were executed in a ...Dec 6, 2023 · Other Caravaggisti were also influenced by Caravaggio’s humanizing depictions of devotional subjects. In their representations of the Doubting Thomas, for instance, Ter Brugghen, Honthorst, and Mattias Stomer reproduced the extraordinary half-length figures in semi-circular groupings and visceral depiction of Thomas’s finger in Christ’s ... Caravaggio was born as Michelangelo Merisi in Italy in 1571. After losing both of his parents to the plague when he was a child, he moved to Rome and started selling his own paintings around 1595 ...Although no one really trained directly under Caravaggio, there were many who followed his technique and this chiaroscuro, and they were known as the Caravaggisti. This particular treatment of Saint John the Baptist would have also been very innovative and surprising at the time he painted it, as it represents the saint as a melancholic, brooding adolescent.Sep 29, 1571 - Jul 18, 1610. Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio, known as Caravaggio, was an Italian painter active in Rome for most of his artistic life. During the final four years of his life he moved between Naples, Malta, and Sicily until his death. His paintings have been characterized by art critics as combining a realistic observation of ... "Caravaggisti" published on by null. The Oxford Biblical Studies Online and Oxford Islamic Studies Online have retired. Content you previously purchased on Oxford Biblical Studies Online or Oxford Islamic Studies Online has now moved to Oxford Reference, Oxford Handbooks Online, Oxford Scholarship Online, or What Everyone Needs to Know®. Jan 18, 2024 ... As a leader of the Caravaggisti, Ter Brugghen's paintings were in high demand and he received consistent commissions from both public and ...They studied the art of antiquity in the city as well as masterpieces of the Renaissance. However, their main interest was in the revolutionary innovations in the painting of their times, including, in particular, those of Michelangelo Merisi, known as Caravaggio. Caravaggio was regarded as an impassioned hothead who brought about radical ... The Utrecht Caravaggisti Hendrick ter Brugghen and Gerrit van Honthorst, as well as Frans Hals and Judith Leyster, were genre painters of the Dutch Republic. Their work generally depicted taverns and other scenes of entertainment (Merry Company paintings) hat catered to the tastes and interests of a growing segment of the Dutch middle class.1600 - 1650. Group of painters from Utrecht who travelled to Rome at the beginning of the 17th century and were profoundly influenced by the work of Caravaggio. On their return to the northern Netherlands, they developed these new artistic ideas into a style known as Utrecht Caravaggism. This trend had a short-lived but intense development that ...Oct 11, 2016 · He skipped that stage because he believed in the importance of looking at nature.”. This resulted in paintings remarkable for their striking, in-your-face realism, which captured even the ... Dec 11, 2011 ... For its last antiques and fine arts auction for 2011, Obelisk Auctions are promising an exciting event with plenty of prestigious items ...
Term applied to painters who imitated the style of Caravaggio in the early 17th century. Caravaggio’s revolutionary approach to painting,. Clock transparent background
Artemisia Gentileschi, Giuditta decapita Oloferne (1620-21, Firenze, Galleria degli Uffizi). Bartolomeo Manfredi, Castigo di Cupido (1613; Chicago, all'Art Institute). Battistello Caracciolo, Liberazione di San Pietro (1615; Napoli, Pio Monte della Misericordia).. Il Caravaggismo è una corrente pittorica nata a cavallo del XVI e XVII secolo che si rifà …The Tower is located where the Tagus River (the longest river on the Iberian Peninsula) meets the Atlantic Ocean. Mariners arrived in or departed Lisbon from Belém’s beach (Praia do Restelo), which provided shelter from the strong Atlantic winds. In the fifteenth century, Infante Dom Henrique, known today as Prince Henry the Navigator, built ...Category. : Caravaggisti. Articles related to the Caravaggisti, stlylistic followers of Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio, Baroque artist of the early 17th century.Tal era o seu legado que jovens artistas italianos da geração seguinte, inspirados por suas técnicas, ficaram conhecidos como Caravaggisti – são os artistas seguidores de Caravaggio. Narciso. Caravaggio. 1599 – Óleo sobre tela (110 x 92cm) – Localização: Galeria Nacional de Arte Antiga, Roma (Itália)Truth, Melancholia and Denial: an enquiry into the Caravaggisti problem. 01 July 2019, 5:00 pm–7:00 pm. The Denial of St Peter ...Nov 2, 2022 ... Expert-Verified Answer ... the artist Caravaggio and the caravaggisti who emulated his style can be best described as incorporating chiaroscuro ...Dec 13, 2016 ... 'Caravaggio did not have just one style, and the best of his followers also diverged separately from his example,' he says. 'Paintings by the ...The works that he produced soon acquired many admirers among the artists in Naples, and three Caravaggisti—Giovanni Battista Caracciolo (c. 1570–1637), Jusepe de Ribera (1591–1652), and Artemisia Gentileschi (1597–1652)—continued his experiments in realism there after his death in 1610. The style of Caravaggesque painting they helped ... It can be seen directly or indirectly in the work of Peter Paul Rubens, Jusepe de Ribera, Gian Lorenzo Bernini, and Rembrandt, and artists in the following generation heavily under his influence were called the "Caravaggisti" or "Caravagesques", as well as tenebrists or tenebrosi ("shadowists").The Fortune Teller was Caravaggio's first major piece; it showed Mario being cheated on by a gypsy girl. This was a new style to Roman artists, and the style helped pave the way …It can be seen directly or indirectly in the work of Peter Paul Rubens, Jusepe de Ribera, Gian Lorenzo Bernini, and Rembrandt, and artists in the following generation heavily under his influence were called the "Caravaggisti" or "Caravagesques", as well as tenebrists or tenebrosi ("shadowists").The Caravaggisti were stylistic followers of the late 16th-century Italian Baroque painter Caravaggio.Not much is known about Caravaggio’s early life. He was born Michelangelo Merisi, on September 29, 1571, in Milan, Italy. When he was five years old, his family moved to the Caravaggio countryside to escape an outbreak of the bubonic plague, though by 1577 Caravaggio lost his father, younger brother, paternal grandparents, and uncle to the …Caravaggisti in Naples. Caravaggio Salome with the Head of John the Baptist. Rubens Feast of Herod. Return to Art 148 Main Page.The works that he produced soon acquired many admirers among the artists in Naples, and three Caravaggisti—Giovanni Battista Caracciolo (c. 1570–1637), Jusepe de Ribera (1591–1652), and Artemisia Gentileschi (1597–1652)—continued his experiments in realism there after his death in 1610. The style of Caravaggesque painting they helped ... Aug 15, 2022 ... Join us to learn the story of Hendrick ter Brugghen, or Terbrugghen, one of the main Dutch followers of the Italian artist Caravaggio, ...2 days ago · Still, his mode of depicting a specific dramatic moment with theatrical chiaroscuro and his use of live models to introduce an element of realism survived among the Caravaggisti, 17th-century ... .